Removing Caffeine From Coffee
By Molly H Duggan
Ah, caffeine - the reason why some folks turn to their coffee every day. Some folks like their coffee with that "jolt' - others don't. What exactly is caffeine? How is that jolt of caffeine removed from coffee?
Caffeine is a mild stimulant found in more than 63 plants, including coffee beans, cocoa beans, kola nuts, and tea leaves. Caffeine is found most often in soda, chocolate, energy drinks, tea, various alertness pills, and, of course, coffee.
Anthropologists believe caffeine use may date back to the Stone Age.
Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was later introduced to Arabia and the rest of the east. Ethiopian nomads discovered coffee when their animals ate the fruits from specific trees and plants and had an energy boost. The nomads tried eating the same seeds and fruits and had an increase in energy.
Coffee has since been linked to religious ceremonies where people involved in the rituals could stay up and pray or worship most of the night. Coffee was introduced to the Europeans in 1573, and 250 years later in 1821, caffeine was first extracted from coffee.
Removing the Caffeine "Jolt"
Decaffeination uses green coffee beans. There are four methods of decaffeination, based on the substance used to extract the caffeine: (1) Water, (2) Ethyl Acetate, (3) Supercritical or Liquid CO2, and (4) Methylene Chloride.
These 4 methods share the following 4 stages:
Stage 1: Swelling the beans water or steam to make the caffeine more available to be removed
Stage 2: Removing the caffeine from the beans
Stage 3: Steam stripping to remove all solvent residues from the beans (when applied) / regenerating absorbents (when applied)
Stage 4: Drying the decaffeinated coffee beans to return to their normal moisture content
Now, let's look at the 4 methods of decaffeinating green coffee beans.
Method 1 - Water Method: The green coffee beans are immersed in hot water anywhere from 10 minutes to 2 hours to leech out the caffeine. Much of the coffee's aromatic character can be lost in this process, so workers saturate beans with the water-soluble components of the coffee. The caffeine is subsequently removed from the solution using activated carbon or other absorbents.
Method 2 - Ethyl - Acetate method: Ethyl - Acetate (EA) occurs in several natural products and contributes to the characteristic aroma of many fruit. EA is also found in varying concentrations in foodstuffs including green and roasted coffee. Because of the impracticality of gathering EA from natural sources, this process uses a synthetic version. The beans are first steamed for 30 minutes then rinsed repeatedly with ethyl acetate for about 10 hours. The solvent is then drained away and the beans steamed for an additional 10 hours to remove residual solvent.
Method 3- Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Liquid Carbon Dioxide method: CO2 is a readily available substance of great purity, naturally available in the air we breathe. Under certain conditions CO2 can provide a selective caffeine extraction, leaving most of the other coffee bean components unaltered. Using CO2 in its supercritical state (between its liquid and gaseous state) requires very high pressure - up to 250 atmospheres, necessitating a large-scale production to be economically viable.
Method 4- Methylene Chloride (i.e. Dichloromethane-DCM) method: DCM is circulated through the water soaked beans. The resulting mixture of DCM and caffeine is drained out. This step is repeated several times, until the residual caffeine content is at or below the legal maximum level of 0.1%.
Making the Decaf Choice
For those who have chosen to drink their coffee decaffeinated, the next choice is the method of decaffeination. Some points to be considered in making that decision follow:
First, decaffeinated coffee is not caffeine-free. The US standard permits 3% of the caffeine to remain in a coffee labeled "decaffeinated." This means that drinking several cups of decaffeinated coffee could provide more of a caffeine jolt than you might expect.
Second, not all methods of decaffeination are equal. While the chemical methods remove more caffeine than the water process, other health factors surface.
Not all chemicals can be removed through the steaming. Does the chemical ethyl acetate sound familiar? Most women recognize it as an ingredient in their nail polish remover, and many of us have discovered what happens when we spill a bottle of remover and ruin a coffee table or remove the dye from an article of clothing. While steaming removes some of the chemicals such as ethyl acetate from the coffee beans, traces remain, and the amount that constitutes "toxic" is unclear and may vary for those with chemical sensitivities. Methylene chloride is used in various industrial processes, including paint stripping, pharmaceutical manufacturing, paint remover manufacturing, and metal cleaning and degreasing. OSHA considers methylene chloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
Current labeling often does not identify the decaffeination process used for the coffee. Although coffee decaffeinated through the CO2 method does not appear to retain any toxins, choosing coffee decaffeinated using this method is difficult to distinguish from that decaffeinated using ethyl acetate or methylene chloride. Poor labeling only allows one to know that coffee was decaffeinated, but not how.
Only organic coffee uses the water method of decaffeination. Coffee decaffeinated this way often tends to retain more flavor, but also retains more caffeine, although in very small amounts.
Part of being an educated coffee consumer is to make some hard decisions. When choosing decaffeinated coffee, one has to weigh the impact of trace amount of chemicals to the impact of trace amounts of caffeine.
Molly H. Duggan, Ph.D., loves her coffee and everything related to the world of coffee. She is President of My Perfect Coffee http://myperfectcoffee.com an online resource for organic shade grown free trade coffees, roasted and ground to order.
Visit http://myperfectcoffee.com for fresh roasted organic shade grown fair trade coffee from Puerto Rico, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Bolivia.
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